Alif baa with multimedia download files

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Like L All shapes of retain the two dots be- low, but in handwriting, the two dots underneath are usually drawn as a short horizon- tal bar, just like the dots on top of C. To write independent , start above the line and curve slightly upwards and around in an s-like shape. CCintinue below the line into a wide, flat curve as shown, and make sure to bring the tail all the way back up over the line: In final position start from the connecting segment on the line, and then make a small hook into the body.

In this position the letter is almost entirely below the line and has only a small curved hook before dipping into the wide, flat curve. Copy the ex- , ample of initial. Dictation At home Watch and listen to the video, then write below the words you hear. These , short vowels are shown above, where you can easily see and hear the correspondence: as alif is the long vowel corresponding to a fatHa , uu to u Damma , and ii to i kasra.

The length of these short vowels corresponds to the length of most English vowels, and the length of the long vowels should be at least twice that of a short vowel.

English has no long vowels so Arabic long vowels should sound and feel extra long to you. Do not worry about pronouncing a long vowel "too long"—stretch it out so that you can hear the difference.

It is important to learn to distinguish between the two lengths in listening and in speaking because vowel length often makes a difference in meaning, or, if mispronounced, renders the word unintelligible. Short vowels are indicated in Arabic script by symbols written above or below the consonant skeleton and dots. Remember: syllables in Arabic always begin with a consonant; by convention, short vowels are written above or below the consonant they follow Writing vowels is the third and final step in writing a word, after both the consonant skeleton and the dots have been completed.

Of course, as you learned in unit 1, short vowels are usually not written at all; you have been writing words without them so far.

Remember that vowel length affects word stress. Syllables with long vowels are almost always accented emphasized in pronunciation. Listening Exercise 8. Hearing vowel length At home Listen to and pronounce the differences in vowel length in the pairs of words you hear. The first word in each pair contains a long vowel and the second word contains a short vowel.

Word accent or stress will fall on the heavy syllable closest to the end of the word. If there is no heavy syllable, stress varies according to regional dialect. Egyptian word stress patterns are quite distinctive and usually fall on the penultimate syllable. Distinguishing between long and short vowels At home Listen to each pair of words and repeat several times until you can hear the difference between the long and short vowels.

Select the letter that corresponds to the word that contains a long vowel. Identifying long and short vowels At home Listen to the audio to hear a selection of words.

For each question, select L if you hear one of the long vowels I , 3 or 6, or S if the word has only short vowels fatHa, , Damma, or kasra. L S a fatHa The short vowel that corresponds to alif is called fatHa. Like its long counterpart alif, fatHa ranges in quality from frontal to deep, depending on the quality of the con- sonants surrounding it.

In its most frontal position, fatHa sounds like English e as in bet. Deep fatHa sounds like English u in but. Consonants L. The name fatHa means "open- ing", and refers to the shape of the mouth in pronouncing it: open. Try it and see! Contrasting alif and fatHa At home Listen to and repeat the words containing alif and fatHa. Pay special attention to the difference in vowel length. Short vowels are written on top of the letter that precedes them, the first letter of the syllable.

FatHa is written as a short, slanted line segment above its consonant, as in the word L. FatHa dictation At home Listen to the words and write fatHa where you hear it.

Zi u Dammal The short vowel that corresponds to 9 is called Damma and is pronounced like oo as in booth when it follows frontal consonants. When it is affected by deep consonants it is a little bit deeper, somewhat like oo in wool.

Do not confuse this vowel with English o and u, which represent many different sounds, some of them closer to deep fatHa than to Damma. Remember: English u in words like but and gum actually represents the sound of a deep fatHa, not a Damma. The name Damma refers to the correct shape of the mouth in pronunciation: rounding. If you keep your mouth rounded, you will pronounce Damma correctly.

Hearing and pronouncing Damma Listen to and repeat the words containing Damma, rounding your mouth as you do so. Listen for two words that contain both Damma and waaw and practice the differ- ence in vowel length. J Writing Damma is written like a miniature 3 on top of the letter that precedes it, as in the word Loj. Imitate the motions that Professor El-Shinnawi uses to draw Damma and practice writing. As with fatHa and Damma, the exact pronunciation of kasra depends on surrounding consonants.

Frontal consonants like and k.. The name kasra, "break", refers to the fact that your mouth is slightly open in pronouncing it as opposed to the broad fatHa opening. Pronounce kasra and note that your mouth is slightly open, and not wide open. Pronouncing kasra At home Listen to and repeat the words that contain kasra.

The kasra is written as a short, slanted line segment under the letter it follows, as in. Letter recognition In class To practice recognizing all the letters you have learned, go back to one of the vo- calized texts in unit 1 the Qur'an, the Bible, or the schoolbook and, with a partner, identify as many letters as you can. Name the short vowels you see too.

Drill Short vowel dictation At home Listen and write all of the short vowels in the words you hear. Listen as many times as necessary. Dictation At home Watch and listen to the video and write below the words you hear including all vowels. Reading aloud At-home preparation; in-class activation Read aloud each of the following words.

Then listen to the audio to check your pronunciation. LA—A-4 — L! Letter connection At home Connect the letters to form words as shown in the example and pronounce them out loud as you write. Listen to and repeat each word many times until you can "hear" and pronounce each word easily. Levantine , and ismak ee? Egyptian, note that the word "what? This polite form which literally means "your presence" is used in situations where you want to show respect to the person you are talking to, especially in Egypt.

You will hear this expression used in the dialogues; practice using it in class. I from where? Meet someone new At-home preparation; in-class activation At home, actively study the new vocabulary by rehearsing the greetings and ques- tions that you will ask your classmates.

You can write them out but you will not be able to read from the paper in class, so remember to practice out loud. In class, go around the room and greet all of your classmates one by one, and if you do not know their names, find out! Listen and interact At home On the audio you will hear someone initiate a conversation with you. Respond out loud to the person's questions using as much Arabic as you can. More than one response is possible, so you can do this exercise as many times as you want to practice interacting.

You will hear the Arabic names of some of these cities in the dialogues. Use the internet to find out more about one or two of them and report to your classmates. Unit 2 c Drill Scene 2: HaDritak min maSr? At-home preparation; in-class activation Watch scene 2 according to these steps: 1. First listen: What are the two people doing? Do they know each other? How do you know? Second listen: What words and expressions do you hear this time?

Before listening a third time, prepare your questions. What parts of the exchange do you want to understand more of? What do you think is happening in that section?

Based on this hypothesis, what words and expressions do you expect to hear? Write what you think was said. In class, discuss the scene and go over any questions, then listen once more for activation, and act out the scene with your classmates.

Culture: Shaking hands In social as well as in professional situations, it is polite to shake hands upon meeting or greeting another person of the same gender. The appropriateness of shaking hands with the opposite gender varies widely according to religious beliefs and personal practice. If you are a male meeting a female, it is better to wait for her to extend her hand first, indicating that she wants to shake yours. In many regions children are taught to greet older, respected guests by shaking hands and leaning over to kiss or be kissed on both cheeks to welcome them into the home with warmth and respect.

Unit 3 Letters and Sounds The three new consonants you will learn in this unit represent the next three letters in the alphabet after C,:. Just as k.. Two of these three conso- nant sounds have no English equivalent. You can learn to pronounce them properly by practicing every day to develop the muscles you need to pronounce these sounds. In Iraq, the Gulf, and in many rural and Bedouin dialects, it is pronounced like jin jack In most of the Levant region and North Africa, it is pronounced like the French jin bonjour a sound often represented in English by s; as in pleasure or deci- sion.

In Cairo, it is pronounced like the hard gin game. Variation of t At home Listen to the words as they are pronounced in the three dialect variations of t. It is a good idea to choose at least one voice model to imitate for speaking in general, whether a teacher, friend or acquaintance, or some of the characters in the colloquial scenes.

Choose the pronunciation of that your voice model uses. Notice that the independent and final shapes first and last above have a big "tail" that curves well below the line. In all positions the body of the letter retains its basic form that you see in the initial shape. The medial form shows what the looks like when it is connected on both sides. However, in handwriting, this letter and its sisters are connected in a different way than in print.

Watch Professor El-Shinnawi write the shapes of and similar letters as you learn to write these letters and imitate the handwritten forms, not the print ones. To write t alone, start at a point well above the line, make a small hook, then draw a line straight across, then change direction and swing down below the line into the tail. Follow the arrows and imitate the shape that you see: n To write in initial position, begin with the hook as you did above, then slant down toward the line into a point just above the line, and then, instead of curving down into the tail, continue into the connecting segment as shown: Practice writing the word V he brought : When this letter is connected on both sides, it takes the shape —?

However, it is not written this way by hand. Watch Professor El-Shinnawi write this shape and look at the example below. To write this letter in second position, after an initial, you must plan ahead because the connecting segment lies well above the line, at the highest point of this letter. This means that you need to end the previous letter above the line.

As you can see, the combination? Copy the word LA , i written here:. In word-final position, t takes the same tail it has in the independent position. Watch Professor El-Shinnawi and copy the word. Dictation At home Using the video, write below the words you hear, including all vowels. Watch and listen as many times as necessary. It has no equivalent in English. First, take a few minutes to become better acquainted with some of the throat muscles that you use often but not to speak English.

The following ex- ercise is designed to make you aware of what these muscles can already do so that you can use them to speak Arabic. Practice this exercise as often as you can over the next two weeks or so until you can do it easily and your pronunciation of t has developed. Put your hand on your throat as you do this, and notice that your throat muscles are not moving at all. To pronounce t, you need to activate those muscles by tightening them on the inside so that you are constricting the air passage and blocking off air from the inside.

You should be able to feel the Adam's apple move. Make more raspy h sounds. Constrict the muscles so that air can just barely squeeze through your throat. When you do this successfully, it will produce t. Keep practicing contracting and relaxing the muscles using your hand to guide you. Most important, repeat this exercise as often as you can. The more you practice now, the sooner you will be able to say it easily. It is important to pronounce this sound correctly to distinguish it from the English h, which is a different letter in Arabic, because this difference affects meaning.

Pronouncing t At home Listen to the sound of t in various positions and repeat until your pronunciation matches that of the speaker. It is written exactly like t , except that it has no dot. Watch Professor El-Shinnawi and imitate the way he writes the various shapes of t. Practice writing initial t in the word 4.

Remember to plan ahead and write the preceding letter above the line so that you can connect. Copy the example: Sometimes two of these letters oc- cur together in juxtaposition. Here, too, you must give yourself room to connect into the second letter by writing the first one well above the line.

Do not break the skeletal structure of the word by lifting your pen. Copy the example and practice writing L. Final tr. To pronounce t, say k and pay attention to where the back of your tongue hits the back of the roof of your mouth and cuts off the air flow the blocking and release is what makes the k sound.

Instead of closing off the air flow with the back of your tongue completely, block it part way and you will be able to produce this sound. Pronouncing t At home Listen to and repeat these words contain ing '. LA 2. A3 c Writing Like its sisters, t is a connector and its shapes are written exactly as the ones you learned for t t, and except that it takes one dot above.

Recognizing z , , and t At home There are twelve words, each containing , t , or t. Listen to each word on the audio, then select the letter you hear. Q Drill 4. Letter connection At home Connect the following letters to form words.

Drill 6. Reading aloud At-home preparation; in-class activation Read each of the following words aloud, paying special attention to vowel length and the sounds t and t. Then, check your pronunciation by listening to the audio. The word sukuun means "silence", and a sukuun indicates the absence of a vowel following the consonant it is written on.

So far, you have learned to use fatHa, Damma, and kasra over consonants to indicate short vowels, or I 9 and L5 to indicate long vowels. In fully vowelled texts, the absence of a vowel is marked so that all consonants have at least one marking. If no vowel follows the consonant, like th in tathbiit, a sukuun is written to indicate that the syllable ends there.

After a medial sukuun, a new syllable begins, so a medial sukuun must be followed by a consonant. To see how sukuun works, listen to and study the words shown below in Arabic script and in transliteration broken down syllable by syllable. Note that every syllable that ends in a consonant takes a sukuun, indicating that there is no vowel and hence no new syllable. L7 Reading sukuun At home Listen to the words you studied above and practice reading them by syllable. Writing 0 Like the short vowel symbols, the sukuun is rarely used in unvowelled or partially vowelled texts.

When it is written, it appears as a small open circle above a letter not followed by a vowel. In writing sukuun, make sure to draw a closed circle and not a Damma or a dot. It also has a second function related to the first one: When preceded or followed by a long, or short vowel, this letter is pronounced was in well, or as in the name of the letter: waaw. To see how these two sounds are related, pronounce oo and hold it then go right into a.

You will hear a w sound connecting the two vowels. At the beginning of a word, 3 will always be pronounced w because Arabic words cannot begin with a vowel. Remember: any vowel, short or long, preceding or following 3 turns it into a consonant.

Listening Exercise 5. Pronouncing 9 At home Listen to and repeat the words containing consonant 3. LAP' 13 3. You know that English w can occur with vowels in diphthongs, such as ow in grow.

Similarly, Arabic 3 combines with fatHa to form the diphthong 3- 3 preceded by a fatHa. In spoken Arabic this combination makes a sound similar to ow in grow. The sound of this diphthong in formal Arabic has no exact equivalent in English but falls somewhere between owin grow and owin now. Unit 3 Listening Exercise 6. Hearing and pronouncing At home 0, Listen to the sound of the diphthong 3- in these words and repeat: t.

In unvowelled , texts the fatHa, or the sukuun, or both, may be omitted. Say eeeeee and go right into a and you will hear yourself say yaa. Listening Exercise 7. The sukuun alone may be written on VC' to indicate this diphthong, or the fatHa may be used, or both sukuun and fatHa. Thus there are three different ways of vocalizing the word CA.! Hearing and pronouncing At home Listen to the sound of the diphthong —A— and repeat.

Dictation At home Watch and listen to the video and write below the words you hear, including all vowels and sukuun. Reading aloud At-home preparation; in-class activation Read each of the following words aloud.

Dictation At home Watch the video and write below the words you hear, including all vowels. Learning vocabulary, on the other hand, is a process that takes much longer. Ultimately, your fluency in Arabic will depend more than anything else on the range and accuracy of your vocabulary.

As the vocabulary lists accumulate, you will need to develop good strategies for active vocabulary acquisition. By "active" we mean that you have not really learned a word unless you can produce it as well as understand it in context. The drills and exercises in this book that you do at home and in class are meant to help you in the process of activating vocabulary and to show you various strategies and activities that may be useful for you to do on your own.

Studying or reviewing vocabulary should be part of your daily life, and it does not need to be done at a desk. We believe that the most efficient strategies for learning vocabulary are those that combine mechanical and creative activities in multiple modes. Notice, for example, that staring at the vocabulary chart is much less productive than reading, listening, and repeating the words aloud.

Another good practice is to write the word five to ten times in Arabic script as much as you can and to pronounce words simultaneously. The creative part of vocabulary work comes in the form of your own production, both speaking and writing. You will remember best the words that you "own," that have become part of your world.

For every word you learn, think about what you can say with it that relates to your life. You talk with your classmates in class; at home you can talk to yourself, or the cat, the dog, or even the goldfish. Write to a real or imaginary person, to your classmate or teacher, or just to yourself.

The important thing is that you create with the words you are learning. It does not matter if what you say is not entirely correct—accuracy will develop over time, and you will learn to monitor and correct yourself. One final point to keep in mind is that you will not be able to express everything that you want to right now Resist the temptation to ask for or look up extra new words, because this actually slows down your progression to fluency. You will find the masculine and feminine forms of "How are you?

From now on, masculine and feminine forms of nouns and adjectives will be listed together, separated by a slash, with the masculine form preceding the feminine form.

OK Lo maashi O 1. Io haada JAca 13,ib da hayda I,.. L4s1 haadhaa. AP" can be used with anyone you love, including children, parents, and close friends. Vocabulary matching At home This exercise is found at www. Listen to the vocabulary words and match them to the corresponding picture. Vocabulary practice At-home preparation; in-class activation Ask your classmates questions with new and old vocabulary and answer their questions.

Greet them first, introduce yourself if you have not worked with them before, and ask them how they are. Remember to think about the gender of the person you are talking to. Questions you can ask include: Where is your house? Where is your book? Where is your homework? What is your news? When you have gotten all the information you can from the first person, find a new partner and repeat. Listen and interact At home Listen to the scene on the audio where you encounter someone you know who will initiate a conversation with you.

Reply out loud, greet him or her, and respond to the person's questions using as much Arabic as you can. Scene 3A: izzay Hadritik? Third listen: Before listening a third time, prepare your questions. Write down what you think was said. In class, discuss the scenes with your classmates and go over any questions.

Listen once more to prepare for activation, then have a "reception" in which you arrive one by one and mingle, greet and ask about each other. In Arab culture it is considered rude not to say good morning, good evening, or hello to people you know, even casually, the first time you see them each day. Handshaking is not usually a daily practice but is used whenever one wants to convey a warm greeting, no matter what the reason.

Same-gender kissing on the cheeks once on each cheek in most places, but local practices vary is another greeting practice you will see and experience, especially in the context of welcoming someone. It is a sign of warmth, welcome, and respect within the parameters of the extended family and in circles of good friends.

Close friends of the same gender kiss each other on the cheeks if they have not seen each other for a while, or if one has returned from a trip, or on any special occasion where extra warmth is warranted.

Literally Praise Be to God, Thank God, al-Hamdu li-llaah is one of the most widely used phrases in Arabic by people of all religious backgrounds. Its most common uses are a in response to How are you? All of these consonants are nonconnectors, that is, they do not connect to a following letter. You will also learn how to say and write the numerals , and practice introducing people to others.

They function this way whenever they are at the beginning of a word, as in the words L. T19 and Li. You have also learned several words that begin with vowel sounds, such as ism and akhbaar.

But you also know that a short vowel cannot be written on its own, it must be written on a consonant. To write ism, we cannot use S because that would result in a ysound: yism. This problem is solved with a consonant called hamza. Hamza is not a vowel but rather, like other consonants, it is a carrier of vowel sounds. It is a sound you make in English all the time—every time you say a word that begins with a vowel, in fact—but you do not recognize it as a consonant because English has no letter for it.

In linguistic terminology, this sound is called a glottal stop. Say uh-oh several times and pay attention to the sound you make in between the two syllables. You make the same sound when you pronounce any word that begins with a vowel, such as our, K it, I, on, up. Say these words out loud and pay attention to the "catch" in your throat as you pronounce the first vowel.

This sound is not written in English, which treats these words as if they began with a vowel. In Arabic, however, this sound is considered to be a consonant. Remember: in Arabic, no word or syllable begins with a vowel. What sounds to English speakers like an Arabic word that begins with a vowel is actually a word that begins with hamza. For historic reasons that involve Qur'anic spelling, hamza has no place of its own in the alphabet.

Tradition holds that the dialect of Mecca, which the Prophet Muhammed spoke, did not have this sound, therefore it was not written when the Qur'an was first recorded in script. The symbol for the hamza was developed, along with the short vowel markings, at a later date. This is why hamza has several different "spellings," depending on its position in the word and the vowel sounds surrounding it. In this unit you will learn two common spellings, 1 and G. We will present the other spellings in unit 8.

In most transliteration systems, including ours, hamza is represented by an apostrophe: '. Unit 4 When a word begins with hamza, it is always written on an alif "seat. Thus, initial hamza may appear as I or as I.

The combination I is called alif-hamza. Remember: Alif at the beginning of a word is always a seat for hamza, never a long vowel. Since hamza is a consonant, it takes a vowel or sukuun. You will see and hear examples of alif-hamza with fatHa in Listening Exercise 1. Listening to and pronouncing hamza At home Practice sayings by listening to and repeating the words. LtIoL 4 I.

Recognizing hamza At home Listen to the audio to hear a selection of twelve words. For each, select Yes if you hear hamza and select No if you do not. Remember to listen at the beginning and end of the word as well as in the middle.

Yes No 2. Yes No 3. Yes No 4. Yes No 5. Yes No 6. Yes No 7. Yes No 8. Yes No 9. Yes No Yes No Listening Exercise 2. Listening to initial hamza with fatHa At home Listen to initial hamza with fatHa I in these words and read along with the audio. However, the vowel sound this alif-hamza represents may be any of the short vowels: fatHa, Damma, or kasra. The words in Listening Exercise 2 all begin with hamza followed by the vowel fatHa.

In other cases, the other short vowels may appear in this position; that 1 is, serves as a seat for Damma and kasra as well as for fatHa. When the initial vowel is kasra, the hamza is often written underneath the alif, as in: C.

Remember: While I can carry the kasra, hamza underneath the alif I always indicates a kasra vowel. Listen to examples of Damma and kasra on alif-ham. Initial hamza with Damma and kasra At home Listen to initial hamza with vowels Damma and kasra and repeat.

In unvocalized texts you will see only the consonant skeleton. Here, as elsewhere, to read an unvocalized word correctly, you need to know it, or make an educated guess based on knowledge of Arabic word patterns this will become clear later on. Learn to associate the pronunciation of each new vocabulary item with its consonant frame the same way you associate certain pronunciations in English with certain spellings think of neighborand weigh, taughtand caught. In your native language you read by word, not by syllable, and it is important to develop this same skill in Arabic.

Watch Professor El-Shinnawi write the hamza, first on the line and then on alif, and practice with him. At the beginning of a word it is always written on alif where the hamza itself is sometimes omitted in unvowelled texts, leaving the alif to represent it.

When hamza occurs in the middle of a word, it may be written on a seat that has the shape of any of the long vowels: , 9, or you will learn more about these spellings of hamza in unit 8. When hamza occurs after a long vowel at the end of a word, it is written on the line, without a seat, in which case it is a bit larger in size.

Final hamza At home The names of many letters of the alphabet end in hamza. Listen to and repeat the names of letters you have learned. Dictation At home Watch and listen to the video, and write below the words you hear, including all vowels.

Drill 3. Distinguishing initial hamza, 3, and At home Listen to the audio to hear six words that begin with hamza followed by a vowel, or with one of the consonants 3 or. Select the letter that represents the sound you hear. The second column from the left, "Arabic-Indic Numerals," contains the set that was developed first, in the eastern part of the Arab world.

The numerals in the leftmost column were developed in North Africa and were introduced into Europe from Islamic Spain in the Middle Ages—hence our name for them, Arabic numerals. The use of these numerals has recently been spreading across the eastern Arab world through print media and other technologies. Arab and Muslim mathematicians adopted their numerals from India and expanded on earlier Hindu and Greek contributions to develop algebra and other branches of higher mathematics. Y1 arba Ca arb c a arba Ca 5 0 khamsa khamse khamsa 6 1.

Notice that he writes zero as a dot, and pay attention to the way he writes the numerals 2 and 3. The handwritten shapes of these two numerals look different than their print forms, and it is important to learn the different shapes so that you do not misunderstand, or be misunderstood. In handwriting, however, they take on slightly different forms, in which the handwritten 3 resembles a printed 2, except that its "dip" is much deeper.

Following Ustaaz El-Shinnawi and the examples below, practice writing these two numerals: r You can see that the numeral in print closely resembles the numeral when r written by hand, except that the hook at the top of handwritten r is usually deeper.

To avoid confusion, always write these numerals as shown in the handwritten example above, and when reading, remember to differentiate between printed and handwritten forms. The reason for this is that Arabic numbers were traditionally read from right to left in the same direction they are written: ones, then tens, then hundreds, and so on.

Only recently have larger numbers hundreds and above come to be read before ones and tens. Compare the following English and Arabic equivalents of various numbers. How do they differ?

In Arabic, nouns referring to human beings reflect the natural gender of the person. All other nouns are either masculine or feminine, which means there is no ungendered word for itin Arabic, and the words huwa huwwa, huwwe or hiya hiyya, hiyye refer to both human and nonhuman nouns. Remember that you will see words whose letters you know only in Arabic script, without transliteration. An impeccably presented manual. The DVDs add considerably to students' mastering of the material.

For Instructors. Second Edition. Answer Key to Alif Baa. Introduction to Arabic Letters and Sounds.